Cisco IOS peruskäyttö/en

Cisco IOS is found on nearly every Cisco router and switch. They both use a hierarchical structure.

Basic use

In Cisco IOS you can always get more information and help with a command by putting ? after the comand. Think of it as man in Linux, just in the end. For instance, the next command prints all commands that are available in the User mode.

Switch> ?

Using the Tab key you can quicktype commands or get suggestions for commands, just like Linux. In Cisco IOS you can also use shortened words to avoid typing long commands. In order to use shortened commands, you must type the command far enough that there is no other command that starts with the letters you typed than just one. In the next example we run the command copy running-config startup-config

 copy start run 

The command line is ready when you see this mark below:

<cr>

When your command is missing parameters or information you will be presented with the following error. In this case use ? or tab to find out how to properly run the command.

 % Incomplete command

The command is incorrect or has a typo:

 % Invalid input detected at '^' marker

Exit / Close

 exit

User mode

The switch/router normally boots straight into user mode. In this state you can't really do much anything, so we transition into the Privilege mode.

In this state you can for example ping addresses and show some limited info.

Switch> ping 8.8.8.8

Privilege state

You can get into privilege state using the command

Switch> enable

The switch/router will prompt for a password if one has been set up.

In the privilege state you can browse the current configuration

Switch# show running-config

As well as current VLANs

Switch# show vlan

You can also copy the running configuration to the startup configuration, as if to "save" your configuration. It's recommended to do this quite often as configuring a switch for an hour only to lose power and have your progress wiped is VERY annoying.

Switch# copy running-config startup-config

You can also save the config with the following command (also works in HP network equipment)

Switch# write memory

Remove configurations

 Switch# erase startup-config

And restart.

Show network adapters

 Switch# show interface

Show IP-addresses

 Switch# show ip interface

Show routing (Layer 3 switch and router)

  Router# show ip route

Show ARP table

 Switch# show arp

Show firmware version

 Switch# show version

Backing up and returning the configuration

When backing up configurations you will need a TFP server.

Using TFTP, copy the startup configuration from the network device to your PC. You can also copy the configurations into a .txt file when you print using the show running-config command. Simply copypaste.

 copy startup-config tftp

After this you will be asked:

• For a host name or IP address to the TFTP server
• Filename of the to be saved configuration file
• Confirm save

return config from TFTP

 copy tftp running-config

• Host name or IP address to TFTP server
• Filename from which the configuration is restored
• Confirm restore

Save running-config to the startup config if you want the returned configuration to be loaded when the device boots.

Configure mode

You can get to the configure mode using the command

Switch# configure terminal

In the configure mode you make the configurations for the switch (No shit sherlock!).

Passwords

Protect the switch by setting passwords.

Console connection

We recommend to set a password for the console port connection

 Switch(config)# console 0

 password passwordhere

 login

Telnet

Using a telnet connection you can configure the switch/router without being connected using a console cable. Telnet connections are disabled by default. Before using telnet you must set an IP address for the switch.

 Switch(config)# line vty 0 [1-15]

0-15 defines how many simultaneous connections are allowed. 0 = 1 connection, 1 = 2 connections etc.

It is highly recommended to protect telnet connections with a password, because otherwise anybody can access the switch and it's configurations without even physical access to the device itself.

 password passwordhere

And enable logging in

 login

Enable password

 Switch(config)# enable password passwordhere (this method is not recommended!)

 Switch(config)# enable secret passwordhere (this is the recommended method)

Now you must give a password when switching to enable mode.

Encrypt all passwords

This will encrypt all the passwords used on the device so they won't be shown in plain text when running the show running-config command.

 Switch(config)# service password-encryption

Banners

The banner is shown before logging in.

 Switch(config)# banner motd #This is secure system! Authorized Access ONLY!!!!#

Interface

All connections are connected using switches, so all connections are defined using the interface command.

Switch the settings of one port in the switch:

 Switch(config)# interface FastEthernet 0/1

 Switch(config)# interface GigabitEthernet   1/1

Switch the settings of multiple ports in the switch:

 Switch(config)# interface range FastEthernet 0/1 - 20

 Switch(config)# interface GigabitEthernet 1/1 - 2

Description

You can give a description for the network connection

 Switch(config)# interface FastEthernet 0/1

 description connection to Admin LAN

 exit

Example description was a notification of connecting to the administrator network.

IP address

Select your interface or interface range (such as FastEthernet 0/1)

 Switch(config)# interface FastEthernet 0/1

 ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0

 exit

VLAN

We define the interface or interfaces for a certain VLAN, for instance VLAN2. By default all interfaces are in VLAN1.

 Switch(config)# interface FastEthernet 0/1

 swicthport mode access

 switchport access vlan 2

 exit

Now interface FastEthernet 0/1 is in VLAN 2 and other interfaces in VLAN 1.

VLAN

By default a switch only has one VLAN (VLAN1).

We define the IP address and subnet mask for VLAN1.

 Switch(config)# interface vlan 1

 ip address 10.10.10.100 255.255.255.0

 no shutdown

Now we have defined VLAN1 to have the IP address 10.10.10.100 and subnet mask 255.255.255.0

By default all ports are in VLAN1.

We add a new VLAN

 Switch(config)# interface vlan 2

 ip address 192.168.1.200 255.255.255.0

 no shutdown

We define certain ports to be in VLAN1 and some in VLAN2. For instance, FastEthernet 1-12 to be in VLAN1 and FastEthernet 13-24 to be in VLAN2.

 Switch(config)# interface range fastethernet 0/1 - 2

 switchport mode access

 switchport access vlan 1

 interface range fastethernet 0/13 - 24

 switchport mode access

 switchport access vlan 2

Port Security

Port protection can be done in three different ways: Static, Dynamic and Sticky.

For static protection you define one MAC address for the connection. Only a device with that MAC address can use the port.

Dynamic protection works using a MAC table.

Sticky remembers the defined amount of MAC addresses, which are allowed to use the port.

Static Port Security

First we select the port or port range

 Switch(config)# interface fastEthernet 0/11

We go into access mode. You can't make port security configurations in default mode.

 Switch(config)# switchport mode access

We enable port prtoection

 Switch(config)# switchport port-security mac-address mac-address [vlan {vlan-id | {access | voice}]

Dynamic Port Security

First we select the port or port range

 Switch(config)# interface fastEthernet 0/11

We go into access mode. You can't make port security configurations in default mode.

 Switch(config)# switchport mode access

We enable port prtoection

 Switch(config)# switchport port-security 

Sticky Port Security

 First we select the port or port range

 Switch(config)# interface fastEthernet 0/11

We go into access mode. You can't make port security configurations in default mode.

 Switch(config)# switchport mode access

We enable port prtoection

 Switch(config)# switchport port-security 

We define the desired maximum amount of safe addresses

 Switch(config)# switchport port-security maximum 50

We enable Sticky learning

 Switch(config)# switchport port-security mac-address sticky